What are microplastics?
Microplastics are tiny fragments of plastic, smaller than 5 millimeters, that have become a global environmental and health concern. These particles are present in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and they have also been detected in the air we breathe and in common food products. Their origin can be direct or the result of the degradation of larger plastic waste. Due to their small size, they are difficult to filter and remove, which contributes to their accumulation in the environment and the food chain.
Types of microplastics: primary and secondary classification
Although all microplastics share a tiny size, not all have the same origin or purpose. To better understand how they are generated and how we can avoid them, it is essential to distinguish between the two main types: primary and secondary microplastics. This classification is widely recognized by organizations such as the Danish Environmental Protection Agency and the WHO.
Primary microplastics
These microplastics are intentionally designed to be smaller than 5 mm. They are found in everyday products such as facial scrubs, toothpaste, shower gels, and industrial cleaning products. In addition, microfibers released from washing synthetic clothing also fall into this category. Because they are so small, these particles evade conventional filtration systems at water treatment plants, often ending up in rivers, seas, and eventually drinking water.
Secondary microplastics
These are generated by the fragmentation of larger plastic objects such as bags, bottles, packaging, or fishing nets. This process occurs naturally due to prolonged exposure to sunlight, wind, water, and mechanical wear. Decomposition can take years or even decades, and during this time plastic waste progressively breaks down into microscopic particles that disperse easily.
Where do microplastics come from?
Microplastics can originate from multiple sources. Some come directly from products designed to release these particles, while others are generated secondarily through the use, wear, or abandonment of plastic materials. Below are the main sources identified by scientific and environmental organizations.
Wear of tires and road paint
Every time a vehicle is driven, its tires wear down and release small plastic particles that remain suspended in the air or are washed away by rain into drains and waterways. Similarly, road paint can also shed fragments that end up in the environment.
Microfibers from synthetic textiles
Clothing made from materials like polyester, nylon, or acrylic releases microfibers during washing. These fibers pass through washing machine filters and enter wastewater systems, where they are not always retained, contributing to water pollution.
Cosmetics and personal care products
Although many countries have restricted their use, some products still contain plastic microbeads as part of their formulation. These tiny granules are especially common in exfoliants and toothpastes, and their microscopic size makes them difficult to remove once they enter sanitation systems.
Environmental degradation of larger plastics
Plastic waste that is not properly managed, such as discarded packaging or bags, degrades over time due to environmental exposure. This degradation is one of the most common sources of secondary microplastics, especially in coastal and marine environments.
Impact of microplastics on the environment and health
Microplastics have lasting effects on ecosystems. In aquatic environments, they can be ingested by fish, shellfish, and other animals, causing physical harm and even death. These pollutants also act as vectors for toxic substances that adhere to their surfaces and enter the food chain.
Regarding human health, recent studies have detected microplastics in blood, lungs, breast milk, and even the placenta. Although long-term effects are still under investigation, it is suspected that they may disrupt endocrine functions and cause chronic inflammation. Avoiding ingestion and exposure is now a priority for organizations such as the WHO.
6 tips to reduce your microplastic footprint
Reducing our exposure to microplastics starts with small everyday actions. Here are six practical and effective recommendations to minimize the use and consumption of invisible plastics in your daily life, protecting your health and the planet.
Filter your water and avoid single-use plastic
Using water filters such as EcoPro by Tappwater helps remove microplastics and other contaminants directly from the tap. It’s a practical, sustainable, and more affordable solution than bottled water, which also generates more plastic waste.
Check your cosmetics and hygiene products
Before buying, review the ingredients. Avoid products containing components such as polyethylene, polypropylene, or nylon. Look for natural alternatives with ecological certification.
Wash synthetic clothing consciously
Reduce washing frequency, use cold water, and choose gentle cycles. Special washing bags exist that trap microfibers and prevent them from entering drainage systems.
Prioritize air-drying
Dryers can also release microfibers into the environment. Whenever possible, choose to air-dry your clothes outdoors or in well-ventilated indoor spaces.
Choose sustainable mobility
Less driving means less tire wear and therefore fewer microplastic emissions. Walking, cycling, or using public transportation are also better options for your health and the planet.
Reduce your consumption of fish and shellfish
These animals—particularly filter feeders—can accumulate high levels of microplastics in their tissues. Moderate your consumption and choose certified products from responsible fisheries.
Conclusion: small changes, big impact
Microplastics are everywhere, but we have the power to reduce our exposure to them and their environmental impact. Incorporating sustainable habits and solutions such as water filters from Tappwater is an effective and accessible way to start. Your health and the planet will thank you!
