What Are Microplastics?
Microplastics are tiny fragments of plastic, measuring less than 5 millimetres, that have become a global environmental and public health concern.
These particles are found in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and have also been detected in the air we breathe and in commonly consumed foods. They may originate directly or result from the breakdown of larger plastic waste.
Due to their small size, they are difficult to filter out and remove, which contributes to their accumulation in the environment and along the food chain.
Types of Microplastics: Primary and Secondary Classification
Although all microplastics share a very small size, they do not all have the same origin or function. To better understand how they are generated and how we can prevent them, it is essential to distinguish between the two main types: primary and secondary microplastics.
This classification is widely recognised by organisations such as the Danish Environmental Protection Agency and the WHO.
Primary Microplastics
These microplastics are intentionally manufactured to be smaller than 5 mm. They are found in everyday products such as facial scrubs, toothpastes, shower gels and industrial cleaning products.
In addition, microfibres released during the washing of synthetic clothing also fall into this category. Because they are so small, these particles bypass conventional filtration systems in water treatment plants, often ending up in rivers, seas and eventually in drinking water.
Secondary Microplastics
These are generated through the fragmentation of larger plastic objects such as bags, bottles, packaging or fishing nets. This process occurs naturally due to prolonged exposure to sunlight, wind, water and mechanical wear.
Decomposition can take years or even decades, during which plastic waste progressively breaks down into microscopic particles that disperse easily.
Where Do Microplastics Come From?
Microplastics can originate from multiple sources. Some come directly from products designed to release these particles, while others are generated secondarily through the use, wear or abandonment of plastic materials. Below are the main sources identified by scientific and environmental organisations.
Tyre Wear and Road Marking Paints
Every time a vehicle is driven, tyres wear down and release small plastic particles that remain suspended in the air or are washed away by rain into drains and watercourses. Similarly, paints used on roads can also shed fragments that end up in the environment.
Microfibres from Synthetic Textiles
Clothing made from materials such as polyester, nylon or acrylic releases microfibres during washing. These fibres pass through washing machine filters and reach the wastewater system, where they are not always retained, contributing to water pollution.
Cosmetics and Personal Care Products
Although many countries have restricted their use, there are still products that contain plastic microbeads as part of their formulation. These small granules are especially common in exfoliating products and toothpastes, and their microscopic size makes them difficult to remove once they reach sanitation systems.
Environmental Degradation of Larger Plastics
Plastic waste that is not properly managed, such as abandoned packaging or bags, degrades over time due to exposure to the elements. This degradation is one of the most common sources of secondary microplastics, particularly in coastal and marine environments.
The Impact of Microplastics on the Environment and Health
Microplastics have long-lasting effects on ecosystems. In aquatic environments, they can be ingested by fish, molluscs and other animals, causing physical damage and even death.
These pollutants also act as vectors for toxic substances, which adhere to their surface and enter the food web.
As for human health, recent studies have detected microplastics in blood, lungs, breast milk and even in the placenta.
Although the long-term effects are still under investigation, they are suspected of disrupting endocrine functions and causing chronic inflammation. Avoiding ingestion and exposure is now a priority for organisations such as the WHO.
6 Tips to Reduce Your Microplastic Footprint
Reducing our exposure to microplastics starts with small everyday actions. Below are six practical and effective recommendations to minimise the use and consumption of invisible plastics in your daily life, protecting both your health and the planet.
Filter Your Water and Avoid Single-Use Plastic
Using water filters such as EcoPro by Tappwater helps remove microplastics and other contaminants directly from the tap. It is a practical, sustainable and more affordable solution than bottled water, which also generates more plastic waste.
Check Your Cosmetics and Hygiene Products
Before buying, check the ingredients. Avoid products containing components such as polyethylene, polypropylene or nylon. Look for natural alternatives with eco-certification.
Wash Synthetic Clothing Responsibly
Reduce washing frequency, use cold water and gentle cycles. Special washing bags are available that trap microfibres and prevent them from entering the drainage system.
Prioritise Air Drying
Tumble dryers can also release microfibres into the environment. Whenever possible, choose to air-dry your clothes outdoors or in well-ventilated indoor spaces.
Choose Sustainable Mobility
Less driving means less tyre wear and, therefore, fewer microplastic emissions. Walking, cycling or using public transport are also better options for your health and the planet.
Reduce Fish and Seafood Consumption
These animals, especially filter feeders, can accumulate high levels of microplastics in their tissues. Moderate your consumption and choose certified products from responsible fisheries.
Conclusion: Small Changes, Big Impact
Microplastics are everywhere, but we have the power to reduce our exposure to them and their environmental impact. Adopting sustainable habits and solutions such as Tappwater water filters is an effective and accessible way to start. Your health and the planet will thank you.
