What Are Microplastics?
Microplastics are tiny fragments of plastic, measuring less than 5 millimetres, that have become a global environmental and health concern.
These particles are present in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and have also been detected in the air we breathe and in commonly consumed foods. Their origin may be direct or the result of the degradation of larger plastic waste.
Due to their small size, they are difficult to filter out and remove, which contributes to their accumulation in the environment and the food chain.
Types of Microplastics: Primary and Secondary Classification
Although all microplastics share a tiny size, not all have the same origin or function. To better understand how they are generated – and how we can avoid them – it is essential to distinguish between the two main types: primary and secondary microplastics.
This classification is widely recognised by organisations such as the Danish Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization (WHO).
Primary Microplastics
These are microplastics intentionally designed to be smaller than 5 mm. They are found in everyday products such as facial scrubs, toothpaste, shower gels, and industrial cleaning agents.
In addition, microfibres released during the washing of synthetic clothing also fall into this category. Because these particles are so small, they evade conventional filtration systems in water treatment plants, often ending up in rivers, seas, and ultimately in drinking water.
Secondary Microplastics
These are formed from the fragmentation of larger plastic objects such as bags, bottles, packaging, or fishing nets. This process occurs naturally due to prolonged exposure to sunlight, wind, water, and mechanical wear.
Decomposition can take years or even decades, and during that time, plastic waste gradually breaks down into microscopic particles that spread easily.
Where Do Microplastics Come From?
Microplastics can have multiple sources. Some originate directly from products designed to release these particles, while others are generated secondarily through the use, wear, or abandonment of plastic materials. Below are the main sources identified by scientific and environmental organisations.
Tyre Wear and Road Paint
Every time a vehicle is driven, its tyres wear down and release tiny plastic particles that become suspended in the air or are washed by rain into drains and waterways. Similarly, the paints used on roads can flake off, releasing fragments that end up in the environment.
Microfibres from Synthetic Textiles
Clothing made from materials such as polyester, nylon, or acrylic releases microfibres during washing. These fibres pass through washing machine filters and enter wastewater systems, where they are not always retained, contributing to water pollution.
Cosmetics and Personal Care Products
Although many countries have restricted their use, some products still contain plastic microbeads as part of their formula. These tiny granules are particularly common in exfoliating products and toothpastes, and their microscopic size makes them difficult to remove once they reach sewage systems.
Environmental Degradation of Larger Plastics
Plastic waste that is not properly managed, such as discarded packaging or bags, degrades over time through exposure to natural elements. This degradation is one of the most common sources of secondary microplastics, especially in coastal and marine environments.
Impact of Microplastics on the Environment and Health
Microplastics have long-lasting effects on ecosystems. In aquatic environments, they can be ingested by fish, shellfish, and other organisms, causing physical harm and even death.
These pollutants also act as carriers for toxic substances that adhere to their surfaces and enter the food chain.
Regarding human health, recent studies have detected microplastics in blood, lungs, breast milk, and even the placenta.
Although the long-term effects are still under investigation, it is suspected that they may disrupt endocrine functions and cause chronic inflammation. Avoiding ingestion and exposure has become a priority for organisations such as the WHO.
Six Tips to Reduce Your Microplastic Footprint
Reducing our exposure to microplastics begins with small everyday actions. Below are six practical and effective recommendations to minimise the use and consumption of invisible plastics in your daily life, protecting both your health and the planet.
Filter Your Water and Avoid Single-Use Plastics
Using water filters such as Tappwater’s EcoPro helps remove microplastics and other contaminants directly from the tap. It’s a practical, sustainable, and more affordable alternative to bottled water, which also generates more plastic waste.
Check Your Cosmetics and Personal Care Products
Before purchasing, review the ingredients. Avoid products containing polyethylene, polypropylene, or nylon. Look for natural alternatives with eco-certification.
Wash Synthetic Clothing Mindfully
Reduce washing frequency, use cold water, and select gentle cycles. Special laundry bags are available that trap microfibres and prevent them from entering the drainage system.
Choose Air Drying
Tumble dryers can also release microfibres into the environment. Whenever possible, air dry your clothes outdoors or in well-ventilated indoor spaces.
Opt for Sustainable Transport
Less driving means less tyre wear and, therefore, fewer microplastic emissions. Walking, cycling, or using public transport are also better choices for your health and for the planet.
Reduce Your Consumption of Fish and Seafood
These animals, particularly filter-feeding species, can accumulate high levels of microplastics in their tissues. Moderate your intake and choose certified products from responsible fisheries.
Conclusion: Small Changes, Big Impact
Microplastics are everywhere, but we have the power to reduce our exposure to them and their environmental impact. Adopting sustainable habits and solutions such as Tappwater’s filters is an effective and accessible way to start. Your health, and the planet, will thank you for it.
